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- <text id=91TT2231>
- <title>
- Oct. 07, 1991: Putting a Zeitgeist in a Box
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Oct. 07, 1991 Defusing the Nuclear Threat
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ART, Page 66
- Putting a Zeitgeist in a Box
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A huge show revisits the three cities where Modernism flowered
- in the 1920s
- </p>
- <p>By Robert Hughes
- </p>
- <p> Big, narrative, tie-it-all-together museum exhibitions
- remain irresistible, but they are rarely as well done as "The
- 1920s: Age of the Metropolis," which has been packing the public
- into the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts through the summer and
- will continue until Nov. 10. How do you put a zeitgeist in a
- box, albeit a box the size of a museum? Led by Jean Clair, the
- director of the Musee Picasso in Paris, six curators have set
- out to raise and question the ghosts of the queen cities of
- Modernism: Paris, Berlin and New York--with detours to London,
- Weimar (for the Bauhaus), Cologne (for Dada) and Moscow (for
- Constructivism)--in the decade between the end of World War
- I and the arrival of the 1929 Depression.
- </p>
- <p> There are 688 works, ranging from Deco vases to
- documentary photos, from tiny collages to a reconstruction of
- Kurt Schwitters' Merzbau, from architectural drawings to a De
- Havilland biplane and a huge, sleek Type 41 Bugatti Royale, the
- ultimate dream machine of the 1920s, with sharkskin-inlaid
- running boards and a 12.7-liter engine, one of only six that
- were built before the Depression put an end to such automotive
- fantasies. Even the school kids, who race through the rooms of
- painting and sculpture, fall into an awed hush in front of this
- one, as their ancestors were once supposed to shut up before a
- Rembrandt.
- </p>
- <p> The catalog is massive, with 23 essays by various hands--a long symposium. The '20s, Clair points out, were the first
- "name" dec ade in cultural history. In an older and
- slower-changing Europe, cultural periods were identified with
- long reigns--the age of Pericles, Louis XIV. But now, in a
- time of fantastically accelerated communications and stylistic
- shifts, what Clair calls "the tyranny of the short term" begins:
- rapid identifiable packaging in culture.
- </p>
- <p> The show steers a didactic course through the recurrent
- images of jazz-age dreaming. Maria, the famous she-robot in
- Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis, mother of a whole brood of
- automatons down to George Lucas' See Threepio, was not alone:
- her brothers were the machine men of Dadaism, whose poetic
- meaning (like hers) was anguish in the face of inhuman
- technology. No phase of modern art showed such profound doubts
- about the present, or threw off such febrile dreams about new
- social orders. The millenarian hope that eventually spawned the
- totalitarianism of the '30s was felt by artists, architects and
- designers, and was released as an obsession with social protest
- in the here-and-now as well as in vast Laputan schemes for the
- future.
- </p>
- <p> The city was seen as the mill of oppression, grinding
- women down into whoredom and men into anonymity. German artists
- like George Grosz, Karl Hubbuch and the remarkable and still
- underknown Hannah Hoch imagined it as a grotesque theater, full
- of libido and irony--the stage of a morality play, updated to
- reflect the postwar sense of despair. From Grosz in Berlin to
- Frans Masereel in Antwerp, an enormous iconography of city life--its edginess, speed, compression, perversion, fixation on
- style--developed in the '20s. The idea that the city is
- constructed of signs, of media and information overload as much
- as of concrete and steel, was the essence of vision for Dada
- collagists like Raoul Hausmann.
- </p>
- <p> Allied to this was the city as tomb, both futuristic and
- archaic, a kind of Mayan ruin referring only to itself,
- incomprehensible to its antlike inhabitants. This left its most
- startling images in the expressionist cinema and in the sublime
- renderings of the American architect Hugh Ferriss, the Pi ranesi
- of the skyscraper age. But it also turns up in projects that
- were, however nominally, designed for the real world, like the
- huge pink mastabas of the "Metropolis" that Henri Sauvage hoped
- to raise beside the Seine in 1928.
- </p>
- <p> Then there is the international preoccupation with a
- benign Utopia--Europe's reaction against the horror of war--whose "spiritual" symbol was glass architecture. Besides the
- familiar Constructivist icons, such as the sculptor Vladimir
- Tatlin's wooden model for a giant tower that was to commemorate
- the Third Communist International, there are fantasies by
- much-lesser-known artists--the outstanding one being a German,
- Wenzel Hablik, whose radiant glass towers and many-colored domes
- resemble designs for the New Jerusalem.
- </p>
- <p> In the '20s, Modernism was not only a vehicle for
- political protest or idealist reverie. It also became, for the
- first time, chic: it entered the salons and diffused through the
- decorative arts, especially in France. And it turned pompier,
- as in the morbid and overblown paintings of society artist
- Tamara de Lempicka. The birth of Art Deco is one of the themes
- of this show--designers' homages to larger avant-garde ideas:
- a Cubist table lamp, for instance, or "skyscraper" furniture.
- </p>
- <p> "Age of the Metropolis" does not pretend to cover every
- kind of image made by artists and craftsmen in the '20s. Its
- focus is the city, and that alone--so that although it
- includes Fernand Leger's The Mechanic, 1920, the arcadian
- strains in '20s French painting, Matisse and Derain, for
- example, find no place in it. And quite a lot of lesser art does
- because--derivative or coarse though it sometimes is--it has
- something to say about the pervasiveness of imagery. Much of
- Weimar-period German art is a crude mix of De Chirico and
- cartooning, but one doesn't object to seeing it here, although
- it quickly stales.
- </p>
- <p> "Metropolis" represents the populist side of the "new" art
- history, which looks at works of art mainly in their relation
- to ideology, social events and the culture at large, without
- drawing strict hierarchical distinctions between "high" and
- "low" art. The advantage of this stance is that it enables you
- to create more compelling narratives about art than more
- traditional connoisseurship could. You can reach out and argue
- about what things say in concert--novels, propaganda, music,
- film, advertising, magazines, TV, as well as painting, sculpture
- and architecture. The disadvantage is that it tends to ignore
- the exceptions--outstanding works of art that don't
- necessarily fit the period they belong to. It also fosters a
- mood of political overgeneralization, as though the history of
- images were nothing other than that of ideological agendas.
- </p>
- <p> This illusion, largely abandoned by European
- intellectuals, remains dogma in American academe, and one quails
- to think what torrents of Marxist catalog cant might have
- drowned this exhibition if it had been done in the U.S. But
- there is little jargon in the catalog of "Age of the Metropolis"
- and none in the show itself; it is an intelligent wide-screen
- movie, generous in spirit, provocative and full of good things.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-